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Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistent, abnormal opening between two major blood vessels leading from the heart. Fortunately, this heart defect present at birth (congenital) often closes on its own or is readily treatable.

A small patent ductus arteriosus often doesn't cause symptoms. A doctor may discover it during a routine exam. An infant with a larger patent ductus arteriosus often has trouble gaining weight and exhibits other symptoms. An older child with a patent ductus arteriosus may not be as active as normal, may tire more easily and may have frequent lung infections. Treatment options for repairing a patent ductus arteriosus include medications and surgery.

 

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of a patent ductus arteriosus vary with the size of the defect and the gestational age of the infant at birth. A small patent ductus may cause no signs or symptoms, and may go undetected for some time. A larger one can cause signs of heart failure soon after birth. A premature infant may have other problems associated with prematurity, and related testing may uncover a heart defect...

 

Causes

Patent ductus arteriosus is common in premature babies, but rare in infants born at full term.

As a baby develops in the womb, a vascular connection (ductus arteriosus) between two major blood vessels leading from the heart — the aorta and pulmonary artery — is a normal and necessary part of fetal circulation. But, this duct is supposed to close within two or three days after birth once the newborn's heart adapts to life outside the womb. In premature infants, the duct often closes on its own within a few weeks of birth. But if the duct remains open, it's referred to as a patent ductus arteriosus. The abnormal opening causes too much blood to circulate to the lungs and heart. If not treated, the blood pressure in the lungs may increase (pulmonary hypertension) and the heart may weaken...

When to seek medical advice

Call your doctor if your infant or child :

• Tires easily when eating or playing
• Is not gaining weight
• Becomes breathless when eating or crying
• Always breathes rapidly or is short of breath
• Turns dusky or blue when crying or eating

 

Tests and diagnosis

Your baby's doctor may detect a heart defect when listening to his or her heart. Patent ductus arteriosus can cause a heart murmur that your doctor can hear through a stethoscope. If your doctor hears a heart murmur or finds other signs or symptoms of a heart defect,

He or she may request one or more of these tests : -

Echocardiogram : - An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce a video image of the heart. This image can help doctors see the heart chambers and evaluate how well the heart is pumping. This test also checks the heart valves and looks for any other heart defects....

Chest X-ray : - An X-ray image helps the doctor see the condition of your baby's heart and lungs and the amount of blood in the lungs. An X-ray may identify conditions other than a heart defect that may explain your baby's symptoms...

Electrocardiogram (ECG) : - This test records the electrical activity of your baby's heart. This test helps diagnose heart defects or rhythm problems.

Cardiac catheterization : - In this test, a thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel at your baby's groin or arm and guided through it into the heart. Through catheterization, doctors can do further testing to evaluate congenital heart defects found during echocardiography. In certain defects, treatment procedures can be done during cardiac catheterization to improve the heart's function.

 

Treatments and drugs

In a premature infant, the patent ductus arteriosus often closes on its own in the weeks after birth. In a full-term infant, a patent ductus arteriosus usually will close within the first few days of life. If the defect doesn't close and is causing health problems, medications or surgery may be used to close it...

 

Medications

Doctors use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or indomethacin, to help close a patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants. NSAIDs block the hormone-like chemicals in the body that keep the PDA open...

 

Surgery

Surgery to repair a patent ductus arteriosus involves patching or sewing shut the abnormal opening. This can be done through an incision in the side of the chest or by catheterization. In cardiac catheterization, a thin tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel in the groin and threaded up to the heart...

 

Preventive antibiotics

In the past, it was recommended that people with an unrepaired patent ductus arteriosus take antibiotics before dental work and certain types of surgical procedures to prevent infective endocarditis.

But new guidelines issued by the American Heart Association in 2007 have substantially revised this recommendation. After weighing the risks and benefits of preventive antibiotics, the reviewing committee found that the risks outweighed the benefits for most people, except a small group at high risk of serious complications of infectious endocarditis...

 

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Help with sewing shirred dress?

Ok i have this yellow material here that my sister marble tie dyed a while ago. I want to make a dress for her to surprise her for her birthday, so i need some advice. I want to do one of those dresses with a, stretchy top, I got some elastic thread and i checked how to make online, is seems simple enough but I have a question, my sister has very wide hips, a small waist and medium sized busts. so i dont thing using 2 twice her bust to bake a big square pattern would be very smart. So should i make the pattern as a trapezium where i make it so that her hip measurement is pretty much her actual hip with some ease and her bust measurement is doubled?
I hope i explained it the right way, since I am not that good at sewing... but the pattern would look something like this.
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yes that woiuld be good and for ur nickname use "Tacoz"

Large Size Beanie Cap for a Man